{"id":3403,"date":"2018-03-22T21:59:30","date_gmt":"2018-03-22T13:59:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/?p=3403"},"modified":"2026-10-05T13:03:23","modified_gmt":"2026-10-05T05:03:23","slug":"astm-a254-standard-specification-copper-brazed-steel-tubing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/ar\/astm-a254-standard-specification-copper-brazed-steel-tubing\/","title":{"rendered":"ASTM A254 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 A 254\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629&nbsp;<\/em><em>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f. A&nbsp;<\/em><em>\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 (e) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1.1 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645&nbsp; \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<br>1.2 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 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is-style-stripes\"><table><thead><tr><th>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c %<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>&nbsp;\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/td><td>&nbsp;0.05 \u0625\u0644\u0649 0.15<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0645anganese<\/td><td>&nbsp;0.27 \u0625\u0644\u0649 0.63<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0643\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649<\/td><td>&nbsp;0.035<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0643\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649<\/td><td>&nbsp;0.035<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0665.\u0662 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u2014 \u064a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0650\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0644 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2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6.1.1 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 A 370.<br>6.1.2 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629.<br>6.1.3 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u062a\u064e\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u064a\u0648\u0628.<br>6.1.4 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0622\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<br>6.1.5 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u064e\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062d \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 0.2 % \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 0.5 % \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644.<br>6.1.6 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u064a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 3\u20444 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 (19.0 \u0645\u0645) \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 2&nbsp;: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><thead><tr><th>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629<\/th><th>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>&nbsp;\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0644\/\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 (MPa)<\/td><td>&nbsp;42 000 (290)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0644\/\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 (MPa)<\/td><td>&nbsp;25 000 (172)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0662 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 (\u0665\u0660\u066b\u0668 \u0645\u0645)\u060c \u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649\u060c %<\/td><td>&nbsp;25<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6.2 <em>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d<\/em>\u2014 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646 2\u00bd \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 (64 \u0645\u0645)\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646&nbsp;\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0642\u064f\u0651\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<br>6.3 <em>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639<\/em>\u2014 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a 4 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 (100 \u0645\u0645) \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u0628\u0643 \u0645\u062f\u0628\u064e\u0651\u0628 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u064a\u0644 1 \u0625\u0644\u0649 10 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 20 % \u062f\u0648\u0646&nbsp;\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0642\u064f\u0651\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. (\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628.)<br>6.4 <em>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621<\/em>\u2014\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0635\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629.<br>6.5 <em>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/em>\u2014 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6.5.1 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0644\u0650\u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 16000 \u0631\u0637\u0644\/\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 (110 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644). \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<br>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">P 5 2St\/D<br>\u062d\u064a\u062b:<br>P = \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 (psi) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 (MPa)\u060c<br>S = \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0661\u0666 \u0660\u0660\u0660 \u0631\u0637\u0644\/\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 (\u0661\u0661\u0660 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644)\u060c<br>t = \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0631)\u060c \u0648<br>D = \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 (\u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0645).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">6.5.2 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 225 \u0648250 \u0631\u0637\u0644\/\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629&nbsp; (1.55 \u06481.73 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0667. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0667.\u0661 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0668. \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0668.\u0661 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0650\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0668.\u0661.\u0661 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u063a\u0633\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0661\u060c\u0661\u060c\u0661-\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062e\u0631\u0647 \u0661.\u0662\u0665\u00d7\u0661\u0660<sup>\u22124<\/sup>\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\/\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629<sup>2<\/sup>(0.194 g\/m<sup>2<\/sup>) \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0643\u0628 100 \u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062c\u0645\u0639. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 40 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 (12 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627)\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642&nbsp; \u063a\u0633\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u064a\u0628&nbsp; \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639. \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0628\u062e\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062c\u0641\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f 110\u00b0\u0645 (230\u00b0\u0641) \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0668.\u0662 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0669. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0669.\u0661 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0663 \u0648\u0664 \u0648\u0665.<br>\u0661\u0660. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631<br>\u0661\u0660.\u0661 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<br>\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 3: \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><thead><tr><th>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0634 (\u0645\u0645)<\/th><th>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 (\u0645\u0645)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 3\u204416 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 (4.76 \u0645\u0645)<\/td><td>&nbsp;0.002 (0.051)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;3\u204416 (4.76) \u0625\u0644\u0649 3\u20448 (9.53)<\/td><td>&nbsp;0.003 (0.076)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;7\u204416 (11.1) \u0625\u0644\u0649 5\u20448 (15.9)<\/td><td>&nbsp;0.004 (0.102)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 4: \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><thead><tr><th>\u00a0\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0634 (\u0645\u0645)<\/th><th>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 (\u0645\u0645)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;0.020 (0.51) \u0625\u0644\u0649 0.030 (0.76)<\/td><td>&nbsp;0.003 (0.08)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;0.031 (0.79) \u0625\u0644\u0649 0.049 (1.24)<\/td><td>&nbsp;0.0035 (0.09)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 5: \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><thead><tr><th>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0634 (\u0645)<\/th><th>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 (\u0645\u0645)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>&nbsp;18 (0.46) \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/td><td>\u00b10.03 (\u00b10.76)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 18 (0.46) \u062d\u062a\u0649 40 (1.02)<\/td><td>&nbsp;\u00b10.06 (\u00b11.52)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 40 (1.02) \u062d\u062a\u0649 80 (2.03)<\/td><td>&nbsp;\u00b10.12 (\u00b13.05 )<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 80 (2.03) \u062d\u062a\u0649 120 (3.05)<\/td><td>&nbsp;\u00b10.25 (\u00b16.35 )<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 120 (3.05)<\/td><td>&nbsp;+1.00 (+25.4)\u060c \u22120.0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>11. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">11.1 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0643\u0644\u064c\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>12. \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">12.1 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644&nbsp;\u0623\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>13. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">13.1 The inspector representing the purchaser shall have entry at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer\u2019s works that concern the manufacture of the material ordered. The&nbsp;manufacturer shall afford the inspector all reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the material is being furnished in accordance with this specification. All required tests and inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall be conducted so as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>14. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0636<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">14.1 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0650\u0651\u0639&nbsp;\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u0650\u0651 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0650\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0650\u0651\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a.<br>14.2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0632\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0650\u0651\u0639 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>15. \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">15.1 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0650\u0651\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064d \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064d \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062d\u064d \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064d \u0639\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c &nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f (\u0625\u0646 \u0648\u064f\u062c\u062f\u062a)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>16. \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">16.1 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0648\u0636\u064e\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0635\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 (\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0650\u0651\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<br>16.2 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u064a \u2014 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f 16.1\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>S1. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S1.1 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646\u063a) \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 SAE J 533 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639. \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644&nbsp; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 A (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 S1.1). \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644&nbsp; 0.12 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 (3.0 \u0645\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629&nbsp; \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"353\" height=\"241\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/Double-Flare-Test.jpg\" alt=\"\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 ASTM A254\" class=\"wp-image-3406\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Double-Flare-Test.jpg 353w, https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Double-Flare-Test-300x205.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S1.1.1 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 B (\u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 90\u00b0)\u061b \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628.<br>S1.1.2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 C (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S1.2 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u064e\u0651\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>S2. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S2.1 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u063a\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>S3. \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S3.1 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 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