{"id":3410,"date":"2018-03-24T01:41:04","date_gmt":"2018-03-23T17:41:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/?p=3410"},"modified":"2026-10-05T13:03:23","modified_gmt":"2026-10-05T05:03:23","slug":"sae-j1677-tests-procedures-carbon-steel-alloy-steel-tubing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/ar\/sae-j1677-tests-procedures-carbon-steel-alloy-steel-tubing\/","title":{"rendered":"SAE J1677 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p 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\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a (SAE) J2435 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 SAE 1021 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u064a<br>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a (SAE) J2467 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 SAE 1021 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0634<br>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a (SAE) J2592 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u2014\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a<br>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a (SAE) J2613 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a<br>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a (SAE) J2614 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0644&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0634<br>\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f 690 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644) \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 SAE J2832\u060c&nbsp;\u0645\u064f\u062e\u0636\u064e\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c<br>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a (SAE) J2833 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f 690 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644) \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0634<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1.2 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a ASTM<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646 ASTM International\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0661\u0660\u0660 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f C700\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0661\u0669\u0664\u0662\u0668-\u0662\u0669\u0665\u0669\u060c \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641: &nbsp;\u0666\u0661\u0660-\u0668\u0663\u0662-\u0669\u0665\u0668\u0665\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: www.astm.org.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ASTM A 370 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630<br>ASTM A 450\/A 450M \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\ufefb\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a<br>ASTM E 8: \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<br>ASTM E 8M: \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 [Metric]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2.1 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 (SAE)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646 SAE International\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0664\u0660\u0660 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062b \u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0661\u0665\u0660\u0669\u0666-\u0660\u0660\u0660\u0661\u060c \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641: \u0668\u0667\u0667-\u0666\u0660\u0666-\u0667\u0663\u0662\u0663 (\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627) \u0623\u0648 \u0667\u0662\u0664-\u0667\u0667\u0666-\u0664\u0669\u0667\u0660 (\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: www.sae.org.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SAE J514\u2014\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643<br>SAE J1290 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a\u2014\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a<br>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a (SAE) J2551 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<br>\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a (SAE) J2593 \u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629<br>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a (SAE) J2658 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u2014\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2.2 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0633 (ISO)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646 ANSI\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0662\u0665 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0664\u0663 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0661\u0660\u0660\u0663\u0666-\u0668\u0660\u0660\u0662\u060c \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641: \u0662\u0661\u0662-\u0666\u0664\u0662-\u0664\u0669\u0660\u0660\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: www.ansi.org.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ISO 2944: \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<br>ISO 3304: \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645<br>ISO 3305: \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645<br>ISO 4397: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637<br>ISO 4399: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<br>ISO 4406: \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u2014\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u2014\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629<br>ISO 5598: \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u2014\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a<br>ISO 6162-1: \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u2014\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0629\u2014\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 1: \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 3.5 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 (35 \u0628\u0627\u0631) \u064835 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 (350 \u0628\u0627\u0631)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 DN 13 \u0648DN 127<br>ISO 6162-2: \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u2014\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0629\u2014\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 2: \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 35 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 (350 \u0628\u0627\u0631) \u064840 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 (400 \u0628\u0627\u0631)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 DN 13 \u0648DN 51<br>ISO 6605: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<br>ISO 8434-1: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u2014\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 1: \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 24\u00b0<br>ISO 8434-2: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u2014\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 2: \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 37\u00b0<br>ISO 8434-3: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u2014\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 3: \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 O \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647<br>ISO 8434-4: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u2014\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 4: \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 24\u00b0 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629<br>ISO 10583: \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628<br>ISO 10763: \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u064f\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0663. \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM A 370 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627\u00bb.<br>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a ASTM \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 SAE \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0636\u064e\u0651\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0663.\u0661 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0623. \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628<br>\u0628. \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629<br>\u062c. \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<br>\u062f. \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<br>\u0647\u0640. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a<br>\u0648. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642 \u0643\u0644\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0650\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 SAE \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0664. \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM A 370 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627\u00bb\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.1 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 75 \u0645\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0636\u063a\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645&nbsp; \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 90\u00b0 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629<br>\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0636.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0665.\u0662 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0634\u0642 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0642\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 90\u00b0 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0634\u064f\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.3 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.4 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0660,\u0661 \u0648\u0661,\u0660\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0662\u0665\u066a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.5 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.5.1 SAE J533 \u062a\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 37\u00b0 \u064845\u00b0<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.5.1.1 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0644\u064e\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 SAE J533. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064d \u062a\u0627\u0645\u064d\u0651 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064d \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064d \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064d \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"149\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/Double-Flare-37-Degree-Method-A-150x149.jpg\" alt=\"\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0663\u0667 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\" class=\"wp-image-3415\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0661 \u2013 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0631\u064e\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0663\u0667\u00b0 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623<br>(\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639: SAE J533)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.5.1.2 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0644\u064e\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 SAE J533. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064d \u062a\u0627\u0645\u064d\u0651 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064d \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064d \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064d \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 2\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0644\u0635\u0642\u060c \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 3.1 \u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"136\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/Double-Flare-37-Degree-Method-B-150x136.jpg\" alt=\"\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0663\u0667 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\" class=\"wp-image-3416\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0662 &#8211; \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0663\u0667\u00b0 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0621<br>(\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639: SAE J533)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.5.1.3 \u062a\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0644\u064e\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 SAE J533. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064d \u062a\u0627\u0645\u064d\u0651 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064d \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064d \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064d \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"113\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/Single-Flare-45-Degree-150x113.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3420\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0663 &#8211; \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0663\u0667\u00b0<br>(\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639: SAE J533)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.5.2 SAE J1453 ORFS \u0648SAE J518 Flares<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.5.2.1 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0644\u064e\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a SAE J1453 \u0648SAE J518 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064d \u062a\u0627\u0645\u064d\u0651 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064d \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064d \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064d \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"136\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/Double-Flare-37-Degree-Method-B-150x136.jpg\" alt=\"\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0663\u0667 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\" class=\"wp-image-3416\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0664 &#8211; \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 ORFS<br>(\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639: \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 SAE J1453 \u0648SAE J518 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.5.2.2 \u062a flare \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0644\u064e\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a SAE J1453 \u0648SAE J518 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064d \u062a\u0627\u0645\u064d\u0651 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064d \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064d \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064d \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/Orfs-Single-Flare-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\u062a\u0641\u0644\u062c \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 ORFS\" class=\"wp-image-3418\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0665 &#8211; \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 ORFS<br>(\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639: \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 SAE J1453 \u0648SAE J518 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0665.\u0666 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 1.7 \u0645\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.7 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM E 8\u2014\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 ASTM E 8M\u2014\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 [Metric]\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.8 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 19 \u0645\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u062f\u064e\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.9 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628 (4 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1) \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 SAE J1065. \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0634\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 SAE J1065:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 &#8211; Pb = Rm,min * In (D\/d)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0661)<br>\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u2212Pp = Pb\/2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0662)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062d\u064a\u062b:<br>Pb&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u0647\u0648 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 MPa (\u0645\u064a\u063a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644)<br>Pp&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u0647\u064a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 (MPa)<br>Rm\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u062f<br>\u0641\u064a&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0640 log e<br>D&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628<br>\u062f&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 35 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 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