{"id":3403,"date":"2018-03-22T21:59:30","date_gmt":"2018-03-22T13:59:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/?p=3403"},"modified":"2026-10-05T13:03:20","modified_gmt":"2026-10-05T05:03:20","slug":"astm-a254-standard-specification-copper-brazed-steel-tubing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/vi\/astm-a254-standard-specification-copper-brazed-steel-tubing\/","title":{"rendered":"ASTM A254 Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cho \u1ed1ng th\u00e9p h\u00e0n (brazed) b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh A 254; con s\u1ed1 ngay sau k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 n\u0103m &nbsp;<\/em><em>n\u0103m th\u00f4ng qua l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, n\u0103m s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong ngo\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 n\u0103m t\u00e1i ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t. A&nbsp;<\/em><em>k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u epsilon (e) \u1edf d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean cho bi\u1ebft thay \u0111\u1ed5i bi\u00ean t\u1eadp k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u1ea7n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Ph\u1ea1m vi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1.1 Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ed1ng th\u00e9p hai l\u1edbp h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng (copper-brazed&nbsp;) th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt chung, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong ng\u00e0nh \u00f4 t\u00f4, l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gia d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, \u1ed1ng phanh, \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn d\u1ea7u, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb s\u01b0\u1edfi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t, v.v.<br>1.2 C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau theo \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb inch-pound \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham chi\u1ebfu<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1 <em>C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM:<\/em><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A 370 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u01a1 t\u00ednh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u00e9p<br>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m E 30: Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc th\u00e9p, gang, gang l\u00f2 b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 s\u1eaft r\u00e8n<br>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh E 59: L\u1ea5y m\u1eabu th\u00e9p v\u00e0 gang \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2 <em>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u00d4 t\u00f4 (SAE):<\/em><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">J 533 \u0110\u1ea7u loe cho \u1ed1ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.1 \u0110\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung sau, t\u00f9y theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u mong mu\u1ed1n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-3011 size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/bundy-tube-150x150-201803.png\" alt=\"H\u00ccNH 1: \u1ed0ng h\u00e0n, hai l\u1edbp th\u00e0nh, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u00e0n 360 \u0111\u1ed9\" class=\"wp-image-3011\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">H\u00ccNH 1: \u1ed0ng h\u00e0n, hai l\u1edbp th\u00e0nh, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u00e0n 360 \u0111\u1ed9<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.1.1 S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (feet, m\u00e9t),<br>3.1.2 T\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (\u1ed1ng th\u00e9p h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng-brazed),<br>3.1.3 Lo\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft (xem H\u00ecnh 1) (th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i),<br>3.1.4 K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng; th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh trong),<br>3.1.5 Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i (chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean),<br>3.1.6 \u0110\u1ed9 s\u1ea1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean trong, n\u1ebfu y\u00eau c\u1ea7u (xem M\u1ee5c 8),<br>3.1.7 L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, n\u1ebfu y\u00eau c\u1ea7u (xem M\u1ee5c 7 v\u00e0 Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ed5 sung S2), v\u00e0<br>3.1.8 C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed5 sung&nbsp;ho\u1eb7c ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4.1 Th\u00e9p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o.<br>4.2 N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i luy\u1ec7n kim c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau r\u00f5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng.<br>4.3 Vi\u1ec7c luy\u1ec7n kim s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m kh\u1eed kh\u00ed ho\u1eb7c tinh luy\u1ec7n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp theo b\u1edfi luy\u1ec7n kim th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 luy\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng h\u1ed3 quang ch\u00ecm trong x\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c luy\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng luy\u1ec7n kim th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p, th\u00ec l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c luy\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p duy nh\u1ea5t.<br>4.4 Th\u00e9p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac th\u00e0nh ph\u00f4i ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00fac li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Khi th\u00e9p c\u00e1c m\u00e1c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac li\u00ean t\u1ee5c tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c. Nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eb1m t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c m\u00e1c th\u00e9p.<br>4.5 \u1ed0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00e1n d\u1ea3i th\u00e9p th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng (copper brazing) trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eed.<br>4.6 \u1ed0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong H\u00ecnh 1.<br>4.7 Sau khi h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m tra th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5.1 Th\u00e9p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong B\u1ea3ng 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>B\u1ea2NG 1 Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><thead><tr><th>Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/th><th>Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, %<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>&nbsp;Carbon<\/td><td>&nbsp;0,05 \u0111\u1ebfn 0,15<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;Mangan<\/td><td>&nbsp;0,27 \u0111\u1ebfn 0,63<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;Ph\u1ed1t pho, t\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/td><td>&nbsp;0,035<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;L\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, t\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/td><td>&nbsp;0,035<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5.2 Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nhi\u1ec7t \u2014 Nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e9p ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1eebng l\u00f2 th\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nhi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ho\u1eb7c&nbsp;th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m do nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1ed1ng&nbsp;th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau.<br>5.3 Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u2014 Lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb th\u00e9p rimmed ho\u1eb7c capped, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1c b\u1ecf s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sai m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch.<br>5.4 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u2014 C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m E 30 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i. C\u1ea7n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng (copper brazing metal) khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<br>5.5 M\u1eabu ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u2014 Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1, m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y theo &nbsp;Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh E 59.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>6. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6.1 <em>Th\u1eed k\u00e9o<\/em>\u2014C\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o (tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi gia c\u00f4ng ngu\u1ed9i) ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong B\u1ea3ng 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6.1.1 C\u00e1c m\u1eabu th\u1eed v\u00e0 th\u1eed k\u00e9o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a A 370.<br>6.1.2 C\u00e1c m\u1eabu th\u1eed ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng.<br>6.1.3 C\u00e1c m\u1eabu th\u1eed ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, thu nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u1eaft theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb5n \u1edf hai \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ba via hay khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u00e0o.<br>6.1.4 N\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1eabu th\u1eed n\u00e0o c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c gia c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, m\u1eabu \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu kh\u00e1c.<br>6.1.5 \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng v\u0129nh c\u1eedu b\u1eb1ng 0,2 % chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111o c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu th\u1eed, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n d\u00e0i to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng 0,5 % chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111o d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea3i.<br>6.1.6 N\u1ebfu t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1eabu th\u1eed n\u00e0o th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed g\u00e3y n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch t\u00e2m chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111o h\u01a1n 3\u20444 inch (19,0 mm), nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng v\u1ea1ch k\u1ebb tr\u00ean m\u1eabu tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1eed, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p th\u1eed l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>B\u1ea2NG 2&nbsp;Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><thead><tr><th>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/th><th>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>&nbsp;\u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, psi (MPa)<\/td><td>&nbsp;42 000 (290)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;\u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n ch\u1ea3y t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, psi (MPa)<\/td><td>&nbsp;25 000 (172)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;\u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n d\u00e0i tr\u00ean chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 2 inch (50,8 mm), t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, %<\/td><td>&nbsp;25<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6.2 <em>Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m d\u1eb9t<\/em>\u2014M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ed1ng d\u00e0i \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 2\u00bd in. (64 mm) ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p th\u1eed d\u1eb9t gi\u1eefa hai t\u1ea5m ph\u1eb3ng song song cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi hai m\u1eb7t trong c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng ch\u1ea1m nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;n\u1ee9t v\u1ee1 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.<br>6.3 <em>Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/em>\u2014M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ed1ng d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 4 in. (100 mm) ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p th\u1eed m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u00f5i c\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c 1\/10 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean 20 % m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng&nbsp;n\u1ee9t v\u1ee1 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. (Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e9p th\u1eed m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c, m\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m v\u00e1t cong v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ba via. \u1ed0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0 vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c trong khu\u00f4n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u \u00e9p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ecdc theo tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng.)<br>6.4 <em>Th\u1eed u\u1ed1n<\/em>\u2014\u1ed0ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c u\u1ed1n cong tr\u00ean b\u00e1n k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2m b\u1eb1ng ba l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb g\u00e3y, n\u1ee9t ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t sinh c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00e1c khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb u\u1ed1n.<br>6.5 <em>C\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/em>\u2014M\u1ed7i \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb n\u1ed5 ho\u1eb7c r\u00f2 r\u1ec9, m\u1ed9t trong hai ph\u00e9p th\u1eed ki\u1ec3m tra sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6.5.1 \u00c1p l\u1ef1c th\u1ee7y t\u0129nh b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t s\u1ee3i t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 16.000 psi (110 MPa). \u00c1p l\u1ef1c th\u1ee7y t\u0129nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c sau<br>c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">P 5 2St\/D<br>\u1edf \u0111\u00e2u:<br>P = \u00e1p su\u1ea5t th\u1ee7y t\u0129nh, t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng psi (ho\u1eb7c MPa)<br>S = \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t k\u00e9o cho ph\u00e9p, 16 000 psi (110 MPa),<br>t = \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng, t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng inch (ho\u1eb7c mm), v\u00e0<br>D = \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng, t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng inch (ho\u1eb7c mm).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">6.5.2 \u00c1p l\u1ef1c kh\u00ed d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 225 \u0111\u1ebfn 250 psi&nbsp; (1,55 \u0111\u1ebfn 1,73 MPa).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>7. L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7.1 \u1ed0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p v\u1edbi l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. \u0110\u1ed9 s\u1ea1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t trong<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">8.1 Khi \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ea1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t trong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, \u1ed1ng d\u00f9ng cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1nh, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sau v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ea1ch b\u00ean trong:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">8.1.1 Khi m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eeda b\u00ean trong b\u1eb1ng cloroform ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c 1,1,1-tricloetan ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1eb7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i sau khi dung m\u00f4i bay h\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 1,25&#215;10<sup>\u22124<\/sup> g\/in.<sup>2<\/sup>(0.194 g\/m<sup>2<\/sup>) c\u1ee7a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t trong. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ed5 100 mL dung m\u00f4i qua \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 thu h\u1ed3i. T\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng \u00edt h\u01a1n 40 ft (12 m), m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch&nbsp; r\u1eeda nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ed1ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t dung m\u00f4i&nbsp; l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t qua t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1n. L\u00e0m bay h\u01a1i dung m\u00f4i trong b\u1ed3n h\u01a1i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ea5y kh\u00f4 \u1edf 110\u00b0C (230\u00b0F) cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u01a1i dung m\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">8.2 \u0110\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y trong v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, b\u1ed1c d\u1ee1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ecbt k\u00edn hai \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng n\u1eafp \u0111\u1eady ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ecbt k\u00edn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>9. Dung sai k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">9.1 \u1ed0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c sai l\u1ec7ch cho ph\u00e9p n\u00eau trong B\u1ea3ng 3, B\u1ea3ng 4 v\u00e0 B\u1ea3ng 5.<br>10. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gia c\u00f4ng, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i quan<br>10.1 \u1ed0ng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea1ch, nh\u1eb5n v\u00e0 tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea3 b\u00ean trong l\u1eabn b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u1ec9, v\u1ea3y oxit v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c \u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i<br>ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1eb3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>B\u1ea2NG 3 Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><thead><tr><th>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, inch (mm)<\/th><th>\u00a0\u0110\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean, in. (mm)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;C\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c tr\u1eeb<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;D\u01b0\u1edbi 3\u204416 (4,76)<\/td><td>&nbsp;0,002 (0,051)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;3\u204416 (4,76) \u0111\u1ebfn 3\u20448 (9,53)<\/td><td>&nbsp;0,003 (0,076)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;7\u204416 (11,1) \u0111\u1ebfn 5\u20448 (15,9)<\/td><td>&nbsp;0,004 (0,102)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>B\u1ea2NG 4 Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><thead><tr><th>\u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, inch (mm)<\/th><th>\u00a0\u0110\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean, in. (mm)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;C\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c tr\u1eeb<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;0,020 (0,51) \u0111\u1ebfn 0,030 (0,76)<\/td><td>&nbsp;0,003 (0,08)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;0,031 (0,79) \u0111\u1ebfn 0,049 (1,24)<\/td><td>&nbsp;0,0035 (0,09)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>B\u1ea2NG 5 Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><thead><tr><th>Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1eaft quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, inch (m)<\/th><th>\u00a0\u0110\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean, in. (mm)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>&nbsp;18 (0,46) v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n<\/td><td>\u00b10.03 (\u00b10.76)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;Tr\u00ean 18 (0,46) \u0111\u1ebfn 40 (1,02)<\/td><td>&nbsp;\u00b10,06 (\u00b11,52)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;Tr\u00ean 40 (1,02) \u0111\u1ebfn 80 (2,03)<\/td><td>&nbsp;\u00b10,12 (\u00b13,05 )<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;Tr\u00ean 80 (2,03) \u0111\u1ebfn 120 (3,05)<\/td><td>&nbsp;\u00b10,25 (\u00b16,35 )<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;Tr\u00ean 120 (3,05)<\/td><td>&nbsp;+1,00 (+25,4), \u22120,0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>11. Ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">11.1 N\u1ebfu k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u01a1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nh\u00f3m ho\u1eb7c l\u00f4 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ri\u00eang, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng b\u1ed5 sung v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng nh\u00f3m ho\u1eb7c l\u00f4 \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>12. X\u1eed l\u00fd l\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">12.1 N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng ri\u00eang l\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho&nbsp;b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nh\u00f3m ho\u1eb7c l\u00f4 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, th\u00ec&nbsp;c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng ri\u00eang l\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m\/l\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u1ed9p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 hai l\u1ea7n x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>13. Ki\u1ec3m tra<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">13.1 Ki\u1ec3m s\u00e1t vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho b\u00ean mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1ecdi l\u00fac trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a b\u00ean mua t\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng. Nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t&nbsp;ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m s\u00e1t vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00fang theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh sao cho kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>14. Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">14.1 M\u1ed7i \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ed1ng nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t&nbsp;c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ean mua ki\u1ec3m tra; n\u1ebfu k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00eau trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho th\u1ea5y \u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o ngay. Vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd \u1ed1ng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ebd do nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u00ean mua th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn.<br>14.2 V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n gia c\u00f4ng n\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 ri\u00eang ra, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00ednh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd do hai b\u00ean th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>15. Ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">15.1 Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 ch\u1eef k\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua nh\u1eb1m n\u00eau r\u00f5 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 n\u0103m ban h\u00e0nh, c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch&nbsp; h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m k\u00e9o (n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c do ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>16. Ghi nh\u00e3n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">16.1 S\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n (vi\u1ec7c ghi nh\u00e3n kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m n\u0103m ban h\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n), t\u00ean ho\u1eb7c th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c m\u00e3 ph\u1ee5 t\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in tr\u00ean th\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e3n d\u00e1n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed9p ch\u1ee9a \u1ed1ng khi v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n.<br>16.2 M\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch \u2014 Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i \u0110i\u1ec1u 16.1, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed5 sung. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Y\u00caU C\u1ea6U B\u1ed4 SUNG<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ed5 sung sau \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua n\u00eau r\u00f5 trong y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o gi\u00e1, h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ed5 sung n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>S1. Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m loe \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ed1ng<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S1.1 \u1ed0ng h\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ebfc ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c loe k\u00e9p \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00eau trong Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n SAE J533 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb n\u1ee9t xuy\u00ean qua th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n loe. S\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi&nbsp; c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n ch\u1ed3ng ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ch\u1ec9 \u1edf Khu v\u1ef1c A (xem H\u00ecnh S1.1) tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 loe. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1&nbsp; 0,12 in. (3,0 mm) v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i&nbsp; c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng. Kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p x\u1ea3y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n d\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"353\" height=\"241\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/Double-Flare-Test.jpg\" alt=\"Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m u\u1ed1n k\u00e9p (Double Flare Test) theo ASTM A254\" class=\"wp-image-3406\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Double-Flare-Test.jpg 353w, https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Double-Flare-Test-300x205.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S1.1.1 Khu v\u1ef1c B (b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac loe, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u1eb1m trong g\u00f3c k\u1eb9p 90\u00b0); b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh n\u00f3n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb5n m\u1ecbn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 sau khi l\u1eafp r\u00e1p.<br>S1.1.2 Khu v\u1ef1c C (b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y k\u00e9p do vi\u1ec7c loe t\u1ea1o ra).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S1.2 B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac loe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c v\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c v\u1ebft l\u00f5m ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean theo h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00e1n k\u00ednh \u1edf b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u00edn c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n loe. Kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u1ebft l\u00f5m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i do d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 loe b\u1ecb m\u00e0i m\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c do v\u1ee5n kim lo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ee5i b\u00e1m v\u00e0o d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 loe. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac loe g\u00e2y nghi v\u1ea5n, ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u00edn c\u1ee7a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y khi ch\u1ecbu th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u1edf m\u1ee9c m\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn quy \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>S2. L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S2.1 B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp h\u1ee3p kim ch\u00ec\u2013thi\u1ebfc nh\u00fang n\u00f3ng. Tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>S3. X\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ed1ng<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S3.1 \u1ed0ng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ed1ng nh\u1eb5n m\u1ecbn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ba via.<\/p>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" charset=\"utf-8\" src=\"http:\/\/w.sharethis.com\/widget\/?wp=7.1.2\"><\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh A 254; con s\u1ed1 ngay sau k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 n\u0103m &nbsp;n\u0103m th\u00f4ng qua l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, n\u0103m s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong ngo\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 n\u0103m t\u00e1i ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t. A&nbsp;k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u epsilon (e) \u1edf d\u1ea1ng [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3403","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-standard"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3403","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3403"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3403\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3403"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3403"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3403"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}