{"id":3426,"date":"2016-05-25T15:23:21","date_gmt":"2016-05-25T07:23:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/?p=3426"},"modified":"2026-10-05T13:03:21","modified_gmt":"2026-10-05T05:03:21","slug":"gm124m-standard-automotive-steel-tubing-fluid-handling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/vi\/gm124m-standard-automotive-steel-tubing-fluid-handling\/","title":{"rendered":"Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GM123M GM124M \u2013 \u1ed0ng th\u00e9p \u00f4 t\u00f4 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.eibrakeline.com\">Nh\u1ea5p v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n phanh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m li\u00ean quan.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1 Ph\u1ea1m vi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho hai lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1ng th\u00e9p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u00f4 t\u00f4. C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u bao g\u1ed3m kim lo\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee7 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7. Nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m xu\u1ea5t ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee7, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u1ee5m chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ri\u00eang. \u0110\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u1ee5m chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, ngo\u1ea1i quan c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 cho t\u1eebng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1.1 GM123M.<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng cho \u1ed1ng c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o hai l\u1edbp t\u01b0\u1eddng, trong \u0111\u00f3 hai l\u1edbp t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ebfc (copper brazed) trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed chua (sour gas). Xem H\u00ecnh 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1.2 GM124M.<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng cho \u1ed1ng c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp t\u01b0\u1eddng, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf (electric resistance welding). \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c l\u00e1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t d\u1ea7u h\u1ed9p s\u1ed1, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng, v.v. Xem H\u00ecnh 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/Tubing-Construction.jpg\" alt=\"C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o \u1ed1ng theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GM123M GM124M\" class=\"wp-image-3431\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1.3 M\u00e3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u1ed1ng.<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u 3.1 tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i gia c\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh trong (ID).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1.4 \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh.<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">GM123M th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng phanh th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c, trong khi GM124M th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c l\u00e1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t d\u1ea7u h\u1ed9p s\u1ed1, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng, v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2 T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u01b0u \u00fd: Ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2.1 Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n\/\u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"\/standard\/astm-a254-standard-specification-copper-brazed-steel-tubing\/\">ASTM A254<\/a><br>SAE J463<br>ASTM A875<br>SAE J526<br>ASTM B117<br><a href=\"\/standard\/sae-j527-brazed-double-wall-low-carbon-steel-tubing\/\">SAE J527<\/a><br>ASTM B750<br>SAE J533<br>ASTM E8<br>SAE J1290<br>SAE J403<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2.2 Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \/ \u0110\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a GM.<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">9985670<br>GM9505P<br>GM4298P<br>GM9508P<br>GM4465P<br>GM9509P<br>GM4653M<br>GM9540P<br>GM6277M<br>GMW3001<br>GM9071P<br>GMW3059<br>GM9102P<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2.3 C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o b\u1ed5 sung.<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u GMPT c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi Ph\u00f2ng K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 GM (GM Powertrain Materials Engineering).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 GMPT-6-006 TF2 gasoline<br>\u2022 GMPT-5-005 Bio-Diesel<br>\u2022 GMPT-5-001 #2 Diesel<br>\u2022 GMPT-6-019 Oxidized Gasoline<br>\u2022 GMPT-6-023 E85 Low pHe<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.1 Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u chung.<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u1ed1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e9p c\u00e1n ngu\u1ed9i lo\u1ea1i 1006, 1008 ho\u1eb7c 1010 theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n SAE J403. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u00e0n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1ed3ng theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong SAE J463, h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1ed3ng UNS C51000.<br>GM123M (I\/II\/III\/IV\/V)<br>GM124M (I\/II\/III\/IV\/V\/VI)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2018I\u2019 = M\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong ngo\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u2018B\u2019 ho\u1eb7c \u2018W\u2019.<br>B = H\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, W = H\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf<br>\u2018II\u2019 = \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng sau khi h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0n (mm)<br>\u2018III\u2019 = \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng (mm)<br>\u2018IV\u2019 = Quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (*)<br>\u2018V\u2019 = \u00d4 t\u00f4<br>\u2018VI\u2019 = L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh trong (**)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(*) C\u00e1c vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft quy tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong><br>A = \u1ee6<br>P = Tr\u01a1n<br>U = Ch\u01b0a \u1ee7 (\u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i sau khi h\u00e0n)<br>G = L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 kim lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p kim k\u1ebdm-nh\u00f4m<br>F = \u0110\u1ed3ng h\u00e0n ch\u1ea3y<br>E = L\u1edbp s\u01a1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<br>N = Nylon 11 ho\u1eb7c 12 \u00e9p \u0111\u00f9n<br>C = L\u1edbp m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u2013 \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 0,009 mm. N\u1ebfu y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y kh\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, c\u00e1c ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ngay sau k\u00fd t\u1ef1 C; v\u00ed d\u1ee5, C13 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 0,013 mm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(**) C\u00e1c vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh trong<\/strong><br>Blank = Tr\u01a1n<br>P = Tr\u01a1n<br>Ni = M\u1ea1 niken<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<br>GM124M (W\/6.00\/0.7\/AGE\/V\/Ni) \u2013 ch\u1ec9 lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1ng h\u00e0n m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i 6 mm, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng 0.7 mm, \u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4i m\u1ec1m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n b\u1eb1ng l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 n\u1ec1n h\u1ee3p kim k\u1ebdm-nh\u00f4m v\u00e0 l\u1edbp s\u01a1n ph\u1ee7 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t cho \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u00f4 t\u00f4, v\u1edbi l\u1edbp m\u1ea1 Niken b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.2 T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc.<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sau \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1ng th\u00e9p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n; c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u1ed1ng h\u00e0n \u2013 \u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng thi\u00eau k\u1ebft \u2013 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eb5n. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u1ed1ng h\u00e0n c\u01a1 kh\u00ed ho\u1eb7c \u1ed1ng gia c\u00f4ng ngu\u1ed9i, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ri\u00eang th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.2.1 C\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m k\u00e9o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m theo c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u1ed1ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ASTM E8. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh k\u00e9o ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo SAE J526 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng h\u00e0n v\u00e0 SAE J527 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ebfc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.2.2 \u1ed0ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00e3n n\u1edf tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c c\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c 1 tr\u00ean 10 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u00e3n n\u1edf t\u0103ng l\u00ean 20% m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb n\u1ee9t ho\u1eb7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (ASTM A254, \u0110i\u1ec1u 6.3). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e3n n\u1edf, \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c, m\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ea tr\u00f2n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch ba via. \u1ed0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c trong khu\u00f4n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u \u00e9p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ecdc theo tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.2.3 N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c, \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p l\u1ef1c th\u1ee7y t\u0129nh t\u0129nh b\u00ean trong sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 \u0110\u1ebfn 10,0 mm OD\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..35 MPa<br>\u2022 T\u1eeb tr\u00ean 10,0 \u0111\u1ebfn 16,0 mm OD\u2026\u2026.15 MPa<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u01b0u \u00fd: Vi\u1ec7c gia c\u00f4ng ngu\u1ed9i b\u1ed5 sung l\u00ean \u1ed1ng (cu\u1ed9n, l\u00e0m th\u1eb3ng, u\u1ed1n, k\u00e9o, v.v.) s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua gia c\u00f4ng ngu\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.3 K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1ed0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 dung sai do kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.3.1 \u1ed0ng h\u00e0n.<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh danh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00eau trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n SAE J526. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i t\u1ed1i \u0111a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ee3p kim k\u1ebdm-nh\u00f4m k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng Nylon 11 ho\u1eb7c 12, m\u00e3 GN, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong B\u1ea3ng 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.3.1.1 G\u1edd h\u00e0n m\u1eb7t trong ph\u1ee7 niken.<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ea3y l\u1ea1i t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp niken t\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n, r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 g\u1edd h\u00e0n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang tr\u01a1n nh\u1eb5n v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o chi\u1ec1u cao g\u1edd h\u00e0n (Chi\u1ec1u cao g\u1edd h\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 0,15 mm. Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t chi\u1ec1u cao g\u1edd h\u00e0n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u chi\u1ec1u cao g\u1edd h\u00e0n t\u1ed1i \u0111a).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u00e9p h\u00e0n t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi trong H\u00ecnh 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.3.2 \u1ed0ng h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ebfc.<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh danh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n SAE J527. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i (OD) t\u1ed1i \u0111a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng h\u1ee3p kim k\u1ebdm-nh\u00f4m k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Nylon 11 ho\u1eb7c 12 (GN) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong B\u1ea3ng 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.3.3 \u0110\u1ea7u loe.<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.3.3.1 C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u loe ki\u1ec3u SAE ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 dung sai quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong SAE J533.<br>3.3.3.2 C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u loe ki\u1ec3u ISO ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 dung sai quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong SAE J1290.<br>3.3.3.3 \u0110\u1ea6U LOE. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p GM123M (\u0111\u1ea7u loe ng\u01b0\u1ee3c), \u0111\u1ea7u loe \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u B\u1ed5 sung trong m\u1ee5c S1 c\u1ee7a ASTM A254.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.4 B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n.<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u1edbp ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1edbp ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong B\u1ea3ng 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>B\u1ea3ng 1: M\u00e3 l\u1edbp ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>L\u1edbp ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>M\u00e3 l\u1edbp ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tr\u01a1n<\/td><td>&nbsp;P<\/td><td>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7; ch\u1ec9 kim lo\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n (th\u00e9p 1006, 1008 ho\u1eb7c 1010 theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n SAE J403)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>H\u1ee3p kim k\u1ebdm-nh\u00f4m<\/td><td>&nbsp;G<\/td><td>L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 h\u1ee3p kim k\u1ebdm-nh\u00f4m nh\u00fang n\u00f3ng. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: h\u1ee3p kim 5% nh\u00f4m-c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 k\u1ebdm theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM B750<br><strong>Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7:<\/strong> 50 g\/m2 theo ASTM A875, \u0110i\u1ec1u 8. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y l\u1edbp m\u1ea1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u ba micromet t\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u00ean \u1ed1ng theo Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c A.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>H\u1ee3p kim k\u1ebdm-nh\u00f4m \u2013 B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i<\/td><td>&nbsp;GE<\/td><td>H\u1ee3p kim k\u1ebdm-nh\u00f4m nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u1edf tr\u00ean, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t v\u00e0 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 epoxy gi\u00e0u nh\u00f4m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t.<br><strong>\u0110o \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y:<\/strong> S\u01a1n epoxy gi\u00e0u nh\u00f4m tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n GE ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u ba micromet t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0o tr\u00ean \u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o theo c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh trong Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c A. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n GE ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t theo chu vi v\u00e0 d\u1ecdc theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1ed1ng. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham chi\u1ebfu trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>L\u1edbp m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/td><td>&nbsp;C<\/td><td>&nbsp;\u1ed0ng m\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>H\u1ee3p kim k\u1ebdm-nh\u00f4m \u2013 B\u1ecdc ngo\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng Nylon 11 ho\u1eb7c 12<\/td><td>GN<\/td><td>H\u1ee3p kim k\u1ebdm-nh\u00f4m nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00ean, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 ngo\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng Nylon 11 ho\u1eb7c 12.<br><strong>H\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i:<\/strong> L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt nh\u01b0 v\u1ec7t ch\u1ea3y, l\u1ed7 kim, v\u1ebft l\u00f5m ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e1m b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111en tr\u1eeb khi b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c.<br><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7:<\/strong> L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 ngo\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng Nylon 11 ho\u1eb7c 12 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 150 \u03bcm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi theo Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c A. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i t\u1ed1i \u0111a (B\u1ea3ng 2). \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n GN ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t theo chu vi v\u00e0 d\u1ecdc theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1ed1ng. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham chi\u1ebfu trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;M\u1ea1 niken<\/td><td>Ni<\/td><td>L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 niken m\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh trong.<br><strong>\u0110o \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y m\u1ea1 niken \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t trong (ID) c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 3 micromet t\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u00ean ID c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o theo c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh trong Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c A. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp m\u1ea1 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n Ni ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t theo chu vi v\u00e0 d\u1ecdc theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1ed1ng. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham chi\u1ebfu trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;Kh\u00e1c<\/td><td>&nbsp;Z<\/td><td>&nbsp;TBD<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u01b0u \u00fd: L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 GN kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u l\u1ecfng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u l\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>B\u1ea3ng 2: \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i t\u1ed1i \u0111a cho l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 GN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td>&nbsp;<strong>K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ed1ng danh ngh\u0129a (mm)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>&nbsp;\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i \u1ed1ng ph\u1ee7 (t\u1ed1i \u0111a), mm<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;4.76<\/td><td>5.28<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td>6.65<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6.35<\/td><td>6.87<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;7.94<\/td><td>8.46<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;8<\/td><td>8.52<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>9.53<\/td><td>10.05<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;10<\/td><td>10.52<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;11.11<\/td><td>11.65<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;12.7<\/td><td>13.24<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;14.29<\/td><td>14.83<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;15.88<\/td><td>16.42<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.5 Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (GE, GN v\u00e0 Ni).<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.5.1 Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m phun mu\u1ed1i (GM4298P).<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1ed0ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 sau \u0111\u00e2y. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0103n m\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 gia c\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ean m\u1eabu th\u1eed nh\u01b0 trong H\u00ecnh 3. C\u00e1c m\u1eabu th\u1eed m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong H\u00ecnh 3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1eb3ng h\u00e0ng trong bu\u1ed3ng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m sao cho ph\u1ea7n khu\u1ef7u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00fa kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 gia c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1eb3ng h\u00e0ng trong bu\u1ed3ng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m theo th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0103n m\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi r\u00f5 trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<br>L\u01b0u \u00fd: C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea9n tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra v\u1ebft \u1ed1 trong th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0103n m\u00f2n. C\u00e1c v\u1ebft \u1ed1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e8m theo hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0103n m\u00f2n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i do \u0103n m\u00f2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.5.1.1 H\u1ee3p kim k\u1ebdm\u2013nh\u00f4m \u2013 B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng (GE).<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1ed0ng GE c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1000 gi\u1edd phun mu\u1ed1i theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GM4298P v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c lan r\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a 1,5 mm (xem GM9102P) t\u00ednh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1m d\u00ednh n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c sau khi ph\u01a1i theo GM4298P v\u00e0 th\u1ed5i s\u1ea1ch b\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed n\u00e9n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.5.1.2 H\u1ee3p kim k\u1ebdm\u2013nh\u00f4m \u2013 B\u1ecdc ngo\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng Nylon 11 ho\u1eb7c 12 \u00e9p \u0111\u00f9n (GN): Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu va \u0111\u1eadp m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m phun mu\u1ed1i (GM9508P, GM4298P).<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u01b0a c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh (xem H\u00ecnh 3) v\u00e0o th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n (chip resistance test), ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GM9508P, Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p B, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m l\u1ea7n cho m\u1ed7i m\u1eabu. \u1ed0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gravelometer sao cho m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi ch\u1ed7 u\u1ed1n song song v\u1edbi t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn. Trong v\u00f2ng 24 gi\u1edd sau khi ph\u01a1i trong gravelometer, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c m\u1eabu v\u00e0o bu\u1ed3ng phun mu\u1ed1i theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM B117 ho\u1eb7c GM4298P.<br>\u1ed0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0103n m\u00f2n kim lo\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n lan r\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 1 mm t\u00ednh t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1 d\u0103m va \u0111\u1eadp sau 2000 gi\u1edd. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1 d\u0103m va \u0111\u1eadp ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n g\u1ec9 sau 2000 gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.5.2 Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m (GM4465P, GM9071P).<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1ed0ng c\u00f3 l\u1edbp b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng (GE) ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m trong 96 gi\u1edd theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GM4465P. Ngay sau ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lau kh\u00f4 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1m d\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u0103ng keo theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GM9071P, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eb3ng d\u1ecdc theo th\u00e2n \u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ed9 b\u00e1m d\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 99%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.5.3 Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1edbp m\u1ea1 Niken (Ni) (GM4465P, GM9071P).<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 b\u00ean trong (ID) m\u1ea1 niken ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u1eabu th\u1eb3ng d\u00e0i 100 mm v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu th\u1eed nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong H\u00ecnh 4. Ba m\u1eabu th\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft d\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c m\u00e9p c\u1eaft c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu th\u1eed ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba r\u1ec9 s\u00e9t ch\u1ea3y ra. C\u00e1c m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong bu\u1ed3ng th\u1eed v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean trong h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean tr\u00ean. C\u00e1c m\u1eabu th\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t nghi\u00eang kho\u1ea3ng 30\u00b0 so v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecdng ch\u1ea3y ra. L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 niken ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 168 gi\u1edd ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GM4465P m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n g\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i v\u00f9ng h\u00e0n (v\u00f9ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec7t). M\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0103n m\u00f2n<br>khu v\u1ef1c h\u00e0n (v\u00f9ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec7t) s\u1ebd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u GM.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.5.4 Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u00e0 dung m\u00f4i (GM9509P).<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1ed0ng c\u00f3 l\u1edbp b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng (GE), khi ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng dung m\u00f4i MEK theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n GM9509P, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb 1 tr\u1edf l\u00ean sau 50 l\u1ea7n ch\u00e0 hai chi\u1ec1u. Ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean t\u1eebng l\u00f4 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. M\u1ed9t l\u00f4 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.5.5 Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng.<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.5.5.1 \u1ed0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng (GE) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ec1m h\u00f3a hay khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt m\u00e0ng khi ng\u00e2m trong th\u1eddi gian 24 gi\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t sau: d\u1ea7u phanh (GM4653M), x\u0103ng TF2 (GMPT-6-006), nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u sinh h\u1ecdc (Bio-Diesel) (GMPT-5-005), d\u1ea7u diesel #2 (GMPT-5-001), x\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 oxy h\u00f3a (GMPT-6-019) v\u00e0 x\u0103ng E85 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 pH th\u1ea5p (GMPT-6-023). Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c m\u1eabu th\u1eed theo H\u00ecnh 3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<br>L\u01b0u \u00fd: Th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u GMPT c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 GM Powertrain. Nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c GM ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t. H\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea5p h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t cho t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u theo ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 GM Powertrain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.5.5.2 H\u1ee3p kim k\u1ebdm\u2013nh\u00f4m \u2013 B\u1ecdc ngo\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng Nylon 11 ho\u1eb7c 12 \u00e9p \u0111\u00f9n (GN).<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3.5.5.2.1 Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1eabu.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1c m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 80 mm. D\u00f9ng dao \u0111a n\u0103ng Stanley c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee1i #99E ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song c\u00e1ch nhau 2,4 \u00b1 0,1 mm d\u1ecdc theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eaft ph\u1ea3i xuy\u00ean qua l\u1edbp nylon v\u00e0 l\u1edbp s\u01a1n l\u00f3t xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eadn l\u1edbp n\u1ec1n d\u1ecdc su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1eb7t s\u00e1u m\u1eabu v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng trong m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a k\u00edn. \u0110\u1ed5 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1eeb B\u1ea3ng 3 v\u00e0o b\u00ecnh sao cho kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i m\u1ed7i m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e2m ch\u00ecm. \u0110\u1eady k\u00edn b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a. Ng\u00e2m c\u00e1c m\u1eabu trong th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong B\u1ea3ng 3. Sau th\u1eddi gian ng\u00e2m quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ra kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 lau kh\u00f4 b\u1eb1ng kh\u0103n gi\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>B\u1ea3ng 3: Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5m ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Th\u1eddi gian (gi\u1edd)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>&nbsp;Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 (\u00b0C)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5t<\/td><td>&nbsp;504<\/td><td>&nbsp;23 \u00b1 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;D\u1ea7u phanh (GM4653M)<\/td><td>&nbsp;504<\/td><td>&nbsp;60 \u00b1 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;X\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 oxy h\u00f3a (GMPT-6-019)<\/td><td>&nbsp;504<\/td><td>&nbsp;23 \u00b1 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;TF2 (GMPT-6-006)<\/td><td>&nbsp;504<\/td><td>&nbsp;23 \u00b1 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;Nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u sinh h\u1ecdc (GMPT-5-005)<\/td><td>&nbsp;504<\/td><td>&nbsp;23 \u00b1 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;Diesel #2 (GMPT-5-001)<\/td><td>&nbsp;504<\/td><td>&nbsp;23 \u00b1 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;E85 pH th\u1ea5p (GMPT-6-023)<\/td><td>&nbsp;504<\/td><td>&nbsp;23 \u00b1 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;Ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m m\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 (GM6277M)<\/td><td>&nbsp;504<\/td><td>&nbsp;23 \u00b1 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;Dung m\u00f4i r\u1eeda k\u00ednh ch\u1eafn gi\u00f3 (9985670)<\/td><td>&nbsp;504<\/td><td>&nbsp;23 \u00b1 2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3.5.5.2.2 Quy tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1ch l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00f9ng dao ti\u1ec7n \u00edch c\u1eaft m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eaft song song g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1eabu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e2m trong ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng. \u0110\u1eb7t c\u1ea1nh l\u01b0\u1ee1i dao v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eaft vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c n\u00e0y, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u00e2ng ho\u1eb7c b\u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea3i nylon l\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1eb9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng k\u00ecm ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u00f3c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1o r\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ecdc su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu d\u1ea3i nylon ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1o r\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, h\u00e3y l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u h\u01a1i (\u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00eda h\u01a1i) c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3.5.5.2.3 Ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ed3ng r\u1ed9p ho\u1eb7c bong l\u1edbp nylon tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh quy tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1ch l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7. Sau khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1ch l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7, m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u1ebfu d\u1ea3i nylon b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t. N\u1ebfu d\u1ea3i nylon kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9t, th\u00ec &nbsp;d\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i (cohesive failure) c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp s\u01a1n l\u00f3t. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng tr\u1ef1c quan cho th\u1ea5y l\u1edbp s\u01a1n l\u00f3t v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u00e1m tr\u00ean d\u1ea3i nylon v\u00e0 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.5.5.3 L\u1edbp m\u1ea1 Niken \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t trong (ID).<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1ed0ng m\u1ea1 niken b\u00ean trong (ID) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng li\u1ec7t k\u00ea d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u1eabu th\u1eb3ng d\u00e0i 100 mm v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu th\u1eed nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong H\u00ecnh 5. Ba m\u1eabu th\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e2m trong 504 gi\u1edd \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 60\u00b0C (90\u00b0C \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u sinh h\u1ecdc diesel v\u00e0 diesel #2), khi \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u00bd th\u1ec3 t\u00edch: nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u sinh h\u1ecdc diesel (GMPT-5-005), diesel #2 (GMPT-5-001), x\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 oxy h\u00f3a (GMPT-6-019), x\u0103ng hai pha \u0103n m\u00f2n (GMPT-6-020*) v\u00e0 E85 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 pH th\u1ea5p (GMPT-6-023). Sau 504 gi\u1edd ng\u00e2m, c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft d\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra \u2013 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0103n m\u00f2n hay r\u1ed7 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i v\u00f9ng h\u00e0n (v\u00f9ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec7t). M\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0103n m\u00f2n trong v\u00f9ng h\u00e0n (v\u00f9ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec7t) \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u GM.<br>L\u01b0u \u00fd: Th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u GMPT c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 GM Powertrain. Nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c GM ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t. H\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea5p h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t cho t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u theo ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 GM Powertrain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.5.6 Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0103n m\u00f2n chu k\u1ef3 (GM9505P, Chu k\u1ef3 J ho\u1eb7c GM9540P).<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.5.6.1 \u1ed0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng (GE) ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng&nbsp; g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch (xem H\u00ecnh 3), ch\u1ecbu 10 chu k\u1ef3 (20 tu\u1ea7n) theo GM9505P Chu k\u1ef3 J ho\u1eb7c theo GM9540P v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m D. Sau khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t chu k\u1ef3, \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u00e1p l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 14 MPa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i (OD) \u2264 10,0 mm ho\u1eb7c 7 MPa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng c\u00f3 OD > 10 mm. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0103n m\u00f2n t\u1eeb trong ra ngo\u00e0i g\u00e2y th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u00e1p l\u1ef1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb l\u1eafp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i \u1ed1ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i nh\u00f4m \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00edn trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m.<br>H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecbt k\u00edn c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1p l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u00e1p l\u1ef1c.<br>T\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e9p th\u1eed n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean h\u1ec7 Nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p GM th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ghi r\u00f5 trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o PPAP qu\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/Corrosion-Test-Sample.jpg\" alt=\"M\u1eabu th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0103n m\u00f2n GM123M GM124M\" class=\"wp-image-3433\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"427\" height=\"348\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/Humidity-Test-Sample-for-Ni-ID.jpg\" alt=\"M\u1eabu th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m GM123M GM124M cho l\u1edbp Ni b\u00ean trong\" class=\"wp-image-3434\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Humidity-Test-Sample-for-Ni-ID.jpg 427w, https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Humidity-Test-Sample-for-Ni-ID-300x244.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 427px) 100vw, 427px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"427\" height=\"304\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fluid-Soak-Test-Sample-for-Ni-ID.jpg\" alt=\"M\u1eabu th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ng\u00e2m ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng GM123M GM124M cho l\u1edbp Ni b\u00ean trong\" class=\"wp-image-3435\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fluid-Soak-Test-Sample-for-Ni-ID.jpg 427w, https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fluid-Soak-Test-Sample-for-Ni-ID-300x214.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 427px) 100vw, 427px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.5.6.2 H\u1ee3p kim k\u1ebdm\u2013nh\u00f4m \u2013 B\u1ecdc ngo\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng Nylon 11 ho\u1eb7c 12 \u00e9p \u0111\u00f9n (GN).<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng dao k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0103n m\u00f2n chu k\u1ef3 theo GM9505P, Chu k\u1ef3 J, 10 chu k\u1ef3 (20 tu\u1ea7n). S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1ed1ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, k\u1ebb c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song d\u00e0i 4 cm v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nhau 2,4 \u00b1 0,1 mm g\u1ea7n t\u00e2m \u1ed1ng. Trong v\u00f2ng 24 gi\u1edd sau khi k\u1ebb, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m tra \u0103n m\u00f2n chu k\u1ef3 theo GM9505P, Chu k\u1ef3 J, 10 chu k\u1ef3 (20 tu\u1ea7n). Sau khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t chu k\u1ef3, \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ki\u1ec3m tra \u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u1edf m\u1ee9c 14 MPa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i \u2264 10,0 mm ho\u1eb7c 7 MPa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i > 10 mm. \u0110\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0103n m\u00f2n t\u1eeb trong ra ngo\u00e0i g\u00e2y th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong ki\u1ec3m tra \u00e1p su\u1ea5t. Do \u0111\u00f3, khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb l\u1eafp ch\u1eb7t ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u1ed1ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i nh\u00f4m \u0111\u1eb7c nh\u1eb1m gi\u1eef k\u00edn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m.<br>H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecbt k\u00edn c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1p l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u00e1p l\u1ef1c.<br>K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o k\u00e8m theo h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.6 H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1ed0ng th\u00e9p \u00f4 t\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eb5n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb g\u1ec9 hay c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. G\u1edd h\u00e0n \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn theo th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ri\u00eang v\u1edbi t\u1eebng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng; tuy nhi\u00ean, g\u1edd n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 dung sai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf thao t\u00e1c loe \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i gh\u00e9p k\u00edn kh\u00f4ng r\u00f2 r\u1ec9. G\u1edd h\u00e0n \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh trong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u theo th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh h\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Khi c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ba via.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.6.1 \u1ed0ng d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng phanh th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ea1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t trong theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u1ed1i \u0111a 0,20 g tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t trong, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo ASTM A254, M\u1ee5c 8 \u2013 \u0110\u1ed9 s\u1ea1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean trong.<br>3.6.2 T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 \u1ed1ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i, kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bong tr\u00f3c, v\u1ee1 v\u1ee5n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1m d\u00ednh v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng d\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c quanh chu vi do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gia c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.7 Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai b\u00ean nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.8 \u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u.<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua. Bao b\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p, m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u00ean ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c do ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4 Quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5 Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 quy ch\u1ebf<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5.1 T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u cung c\u1ea5p theo \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a GMW3001, Quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<br>5.2 M\u1ecdi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u cung c\u1ea5p theo \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a GMW3059, Danh m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi linh ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>6 Nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y. Ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong T\u1eadp tin V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u GM (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 MATSPC) d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c A \u2013 Quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 hai l\u1edbp tr\u00ean \u1ed1ng th\u00e9p d\u00f9ng trong \u00f4 t\u00f4<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A1 Ph\u1ea1m vi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 bao g\u1ed3m \u1ed1ng th\u00e9p carbon th\u1ea5p l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n, v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t trong (ID) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea1 Ni, v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i (OD) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 h\u1ee3p kim k\u1ebdm\u2013nh\u00f4m, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 epoxy gi\u00e0u nh\u00f4m ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 Nylon 11 ho\u1eb7c 12 \u00e9p \u0111\u00f9n. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong GM123M\/GM124M, t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3ng 1 v\u1edbi k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u (GE), (GN) ho\u1eb7c (Ni). Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 bao g\u1ed3m \u1ed1ng th\u00e9p carbon th\u1ea5p l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n, v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t trong (ID) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea1 Ni, v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i (OD) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 h\u1ee3p kim k\u1ebdm\u2013nh\u00f4m, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 epoxy gi\u00e0u nh\u00f4m ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 Nylon 11 ho\u1eb7c 12 \u00e9p \u0111\u00f9n. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong GM123M\/GM124M, t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3ng 1 v\u1edbi k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u (GE), (GN) ho\u1eb7c (Ni).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A2 C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">GM123M<br>GM124M<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A3 Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A3.1 K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi soi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kim lo\u1ea1i (Metallograph).<br>A3.2 Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng kim lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A4 Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1eabu<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1ed0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft ngang t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. C\u00e1c m\u1eabu c\u1eaft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e1t m\u00e9p, l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 s\u1ea5y kh\u00f4. M\u1ed7i m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecdc ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea5y nh\u00f4m, sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y nh\u00f4m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e9p kh\u00edt v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f3n tay (xem H\u00ecnh A1) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi g\u1eafn m\u1eabu. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp gi\u1ea5y nh\u00f4m, v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, l\u01b0u \u00fd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m r\u00e1ch gi\u1ea5y nh\u00f4m. C\u00e1c n\u1ebfp g\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5n th\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng. Khi g\u1eafn m\u1eabu, c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed7i m\u1eabu vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng. C\u00e1c m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u00e9p nhi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi b\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t r\u1eafn nh\u01b0 diallylphthalate. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00e9p nhi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng gi\u00fap \u00e9p ch\u1eb7t gi\u1ea5y nh\u00f4m theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec1n l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1eef c\u1ea1nh t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c pha r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. M\u1eabu g\u1eafn c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i t\u1eeb t\u1eeb xu\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1ch c\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A5 Quy tr\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A5.1 Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1eabu kim lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A5.1.1 M\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn tr\u00ean gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1t gi\u1ea5y m\u00e0i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ecbn t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i 180 grit, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 320 grit v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 600 grit, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebfn trung b\u00ecnh nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1ee3t (smearing) l\u1edbp m\u1ea1.<br>A5.1.2 Gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch gi\u1eefa m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n m\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t m\u00e0i th\u00f4 h\u01a1n c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc; vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ea9n c\u00e1c b\u00e1nh m\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo.<br>A5.1.3 M\u1eabu th\u1eed ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xoay 90 \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa m\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bong l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 m\u1ec1m h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1ee3t (smearing) t\u1ea1i giao di\u1ec7n s\u01a1n epoxy ho\u1eb7c nylon\u2013l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 k\u1ebdm-nh\u00f4m v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n k\u1ebdm-nh\u00f4m\u2013th\u00e9p.<br>A5.1.4 Sau khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, r\u1eeda k\u1ef9, tr\u00e1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ed3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<br>A5.1.5 C\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng b\u00e1nh xe v\u1ea3i v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0: 6 micron, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 3, 1 v\u00e0 0,25 micron. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng dung d\u1ecbch nh\u00f4m oxit 0,05 micron nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u1ebfu y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebft x\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u00f4m oxit mang t\u00ednh ki\u1ec1m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u1ea3 m\u00e0u l\u1edbp k\u1ebdm, l\u00e0m kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7. Do \u0111\u00f3, khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb b\u1ecf b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7.<br>A5.1.6 Ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u1ef1c v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c v\u1ebft x\u01b0\u1edbc do b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. Xoay m\u1eabu 90 \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa m\u1ed7i b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7.<br>A5.1.7 M\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch gi\u1eefa m\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t (micron) nh\u1eb1m lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t t\u1eeb b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 quy tr\u00ecnh r\u1eeda trong chu\u1ed7i m\u00e0i. Sau khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng, kh\u1ed1i g\u1eafn m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eeda b\u1eb1ng x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng nh\u1eb9, tr\u00e1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 k\u1ef9 b\u1eb1ng methanol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A5.2 Ki\u1ec3m tra vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac &amp; \u0110o \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A5.2.1 M\u1eabu \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi soi vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ed1i g\u1eafn m\u1eabu t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebft x\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 b\u00e1m ch\u1eafc v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng. M\u1ed7i giao di\u1ec7n l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n t\u1ed1t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1ee3t (smear) hay bong r\u1eddi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<br>A5.2.2 Ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 hai l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 d\u1ecdc theo chu vi m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u1edbp niken b\u00ean trong (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u). Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u00e9p \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i 500X ho\u1eb7c 1000X.<br>A5.2.3 \u0110\u1eb7t l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111o (reticule) th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a tia s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y t\u1eebng l\u1edbp. Hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111o b\u1eb1ng thang \u0111o micromet chu\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u00e9p \u0111o n\u00e0o.<br>A5.2.4 Chia chu vi \u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u v\u1ecb tr\u00ed giao nhau c\u1ee7a hai \u0111\u1ea7u b\u0103ng gi\u1ea5y nh\u00f4m bao quanh \u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed 12 gi\u1edd. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, di chuy\u1ec3n theo chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed 3, 6 v\u00e0 9 gi\u1edd so v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed 12 gi\u1edd. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ba ph\u00e9p \u0111o ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00ecn, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t (xem H\u00ecnh A2 v\u00e0 A3). B\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ea3 ba gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111o t\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 \u2014 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 12 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u2014 cho c\u1ea3 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 k\u1ebdm-nh\u00f4m v\u00e0 l\u1edbp s\u01a1n epoxy ho\u1eb7c nylon, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1edbp m\u1ea1 niken n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<br>A5.2.5 Ghi l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng trong GM123M\/GM124M. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>M\u00e3<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>GE\/P<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>GN<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>GE\/Ni<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;H\u1ee3p kim k\u1ebdm\u2013nh\u00f4m (t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u03bcm)<\/td><td>&nbsp;3,0<\/td><td>&nbsp;3,0<\/td><td>&nbsp;3,0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;S\u01a1n epoxy gi\u00e0u nh\u00f4m (t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u03bcm)<\/td><td>&nbsp;3,0<\/td><td>&nbsp;&#8211;<\/td><td>&nbsp;3,0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;Nylon 11 ho\u1eb7c 12 (t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u03bcm)<\/td><td>&nbsp;&#8211;<\/td><td>&nbsp;150<\/td><td>&nbsp;&#8211;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;Niken<\/td><td>&nbsp;&#8211;<\/td><td>&nbsp;&#8211;<\/td><td>&nbsp;3,0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full wp-image-3437\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"438\" height=\"347\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/View-of-the-Foil-Wrap-Around-the-Tube-Cross-Section-Prio-to-Mounting.jpg\" alt=\"H\u00ecnh A1: G\u00f3c nh\u00ecn l\u1edbp l\u00e1 kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea5n quanh m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang \u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t. \u00c9p m\u00e9p (v\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee9t) l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngang v\u00e0 m\u00e0i b\u1ecf.\" class=\"wp-image-3437\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/View-of-the-Foil-Wrap-Around-the-Tube-Cross-Section-Prio-to-Mounting.jpg 438w, https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/View-of-the-Foil-Wrap-Around-the-Tube-Cross-Section-Prio-to-Mounting-300x238.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 438px) 100vw, 438px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>H\u00ecnh A1: G\u00f3c nh\u00ecn l\u1edbp l\u00e1 kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea5n quanh m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang \u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t. \u00c9p m\u00e9p (v\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee9t) l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngang v\u00e0 m\u00e0i b\u1ecf<\/strong>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full wp-image-3438\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"440\" height=\"303\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/Tubing-Cross-Sectional-View-with-Quadrants-and-Thickness-Reading-Locations.jpg\" alt=\"H\u00ecnh A2: M\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang \u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7. Tham kh\u1ea3o H\u00ecnh A3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eebng l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng ri\u00eang l\u1ebb (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef c\u00e1i).\" class=\"wp-image-3438\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Tubing-Cross-Sectional-View-with-Quadrants-and-Thickness-Reading-Locations.jpg 440w, https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Tubing-Cross-Sectional-View-with-Quadrants-and-Thickness-Reading-Locations-300x207.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>H\u00ecnh A2: M\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang \u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7. Tham kh\u1ea3o H\u00ecnh A3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eebng l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng ri\u00eang l\u1ebb (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef c\u00e1i).<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full wp-image-3439\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"386\" height=\"340\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/Exploded-View-of-the-Individual-Films-Shown-After-Metallographic-Sample-Preparation.jpg\" alt=\"H\u00ecnh A3: G\u00f3c nh\u00ecn ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch t\u1eebng l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb sau khi chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1eabu vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.\" class=\"wp-image-3439\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Exploded-View-of-the-Individual-Films-Shown-After-Metallographic-Sample-Preparation.jpg 386w, https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Exploded-View-of-the-Individual-Films-Shown-After-Metallographic-Sample-Preparation-300x264.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 386px) 100vw, 386px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>H\u00ecnh A3: G\u00f3c nh\u00ecn ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch t\u1eebng l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb sau khi chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1eabu vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" charset=\"utf-8\" src=\"http:\/\/w.sharethis.com\/widget\/?wp=7.1.2\"><\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nh\u1ea5p v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n phanh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m li\u00ean quan. 1 Ph\u1ea1m vi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho hai lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1ng th\u00e9p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u00f4 t\u00f4. C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u bao g\u1ed3m kim lo\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee7 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3426","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-standard"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3426","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3426"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3426\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3426"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3426"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3426"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}