{"id":4182,"date":"2021-07-09T11:02:31","date_gmt":"2021-07-09T03:02:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/?p=4182"},"modified":"2026-10-05T13:03:19","modified_gmt":"2026-10-05T05:03:19","slug":"astm-b68-seamless-copper-tube-bright-annealed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bundytubes.com\/vi\/astm-b68-seamless-copper-tube-bright-annealed\/","title":{"rendered":"C12200 ASTM B68 \u1ed0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0n, t\u00f4i b\u00f3ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. Ph\u1ea1m vi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1.1 Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y quy \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed1i m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n, \u1ee7 s\u00e1ng, th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh, \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn d\u1ea7u, \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn x\u0103ng, v.v., n\u01a1i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u1ed1ng c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t trong g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1eb7n v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n.<\/span>1.1.1 C\u00e1c \u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 UNS \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0o d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p, tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c trong h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u00e3 UNS c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>
\n<\/span>C10200
\nC10300
\nC10800
\nC12000
\nC12200 <\/span><\/td>\n		Lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng
\nKh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a oxy, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed oxy d\u01b0
\nKh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a oxy, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ed1t pho c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p
\nKh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a oxy, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ed1t pho th\u1ea5p
\nKh\u1eed oxy b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ed1t pho, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ed1t pho d\u01b0 th\u1ea5p
\nKh\u1eed oxy b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ed1t pho, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ed1t pho d\u01b0 cao<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

1.2 C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau theo \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb inch-pound l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau theo \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb SI.
\n1.3 Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n SI B 68M; do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng theo h\u1ec7 SI trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y.
\n1.4 C\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o nguy hi\u1ec3m sau \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i M\u1ee5c 20.5 v\u00e0 21.2.6 c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y: <\/span>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham chi\u1ebfu<\/strong>
\n<\/span>2.1 <\/span>C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM:
\n<\/span>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n B 68M: \u1ed0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n, \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7 s\u00e1ng[Metric]<\/span>
\n<\/span>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed B 153: Th\u1eed m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng (th\u1eed ch\u1ed1t) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>
\n<\/span>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n B 251: Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u chung \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1n n\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n<\/span>
\n<\/span>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed B 577: Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh oxit \u0111\u1ed3ng(I) (\u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y v\u1edbi gi\u00f2n do hydro) trong \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>
\n<\/span>Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i B 601: K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1ed3ng \u2014 c\u00e1n n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac<\/span>
\n<\/span>B 846 Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef d\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>
\n<\/span>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn E 3: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1eabu vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kim lo\u1ea1i<\/span>
\n<\/span>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m E 8: Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed k\u00e9o v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kim lo\u1ea1i<\/span>
\n<\/span>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh E 29: S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a trong d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/span>
\n<\/span>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m E 53: Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong \u0111\u1ed3ng nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>
\n<\/span>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m E 62: Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1ed3ng (ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p quang ph\u1ed5)<\/span>
\n<\/span>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m E 112: Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t trung b\u00ecnh<\/span>
\n<\/span>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh E 243: Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb (d\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>
\n<\/span>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh E 255: L\u1ea5y m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/span>6
\n<\/span>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh E 527: Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u00e3 h\u00f3a kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim (UNS)<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/strong>
\n<\/span>3.1 <\/span>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:
\n<\/span>3.1.1 Xem Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef B 846 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1ed3ng.
\n3.1.2 <\/span>\u1ee7 s\u00e1ng<\/span>, <\/span>n<\/span>\u2014X\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ed1i \u0111a s\u1ef1 oxy h\u00f3a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 gi\u1eef cho b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u00e1ng b\u00f3ng.
\n3.2 <\/span>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y:
\n<\/span>3.2.1 <\/span>c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng<\/span>\u2014Vi\u1ec7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i do nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m sau \u0111\u00f3 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cho th\u1ea5y v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00eau tr\u00ean th\u00ec v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng<\/strong>
\n<\/span>4.1 Bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin sau trong \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m:
\n4.1.1 K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ASTM v\u00e0 n\u0103m ban h\u00e0nh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: B 68 \u2013 95),
\n<\/span>4.1.2 M\u00e3 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng UNS (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: C10200),
\n4.1.3 Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n (M\u1ee5c 8),
\n4.1.4 K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng (M\u1ee5c 16),
\n4.1.5 H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c cung c\u1ea5p: \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng ho\u1eb7c cu\u1ed9n,
\n4.1.6 T\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi ti\u1ebft cho t\u1eebng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc,
\n4.1.7 T\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho t\u1eebng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0
\n4.1.8 Khi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3.
\n4.2 C\u00e1c t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau r\u00f5 t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft:
\n4.2.1 Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb (ki\u1ec3m tra d\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y),
\n4.2.2 Ki\u1ec3m tra gi\u00f2n h\u00f3a,
\n4.2.3 Ki\u1ec3m tra u\u1ed1n m\u1edf,
\n4.2.4 Ki\u1ec3m tra d\u1eb9t,
\n4.2.5 Ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0
\n4.2.6 B\u00e1o c\u00e1o th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y.<\/span><\/p>\n

5. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u chung<\/strong>
\n<\/span>5.1 C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 B 251 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y.
\n5.1.1 Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef chung,
\n5.1.2 V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t,
\n5.1.3 Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gia c\u00f4ng, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i quan,
\n5.1.4 \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n s\u1ed1,
\n5.1.5 Ki\u1ec3m tra,
\n5.1.6 Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i,
\n5.1.7 Ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn,
\n5.1.8 B\u00e1o c\u00e1o th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m,
\n5.1.9 \u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u bao b\u00ec,
\n5.1.10 C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ed5 sung.
\n5.2 Ngo\u00e0i ra, khi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u00f3 ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn t\u1ea1i m\u1ee5c 5.1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay th\u1ebf cho nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00eau trong \u0110\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 B 251. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

6. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/strong>
\n<\/span>6.1 <\/span>V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/span>:
\n6.1.1 V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00f4i, thanh ho\u1eb7c \u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng UNS s\u1ed1 C10200, C10300, C10800, C12000 ho\u1eb7c C12200 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho vi\u1ec7c gia c\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3.
\n6.2 <\/span>S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/span>:
\n6.2.1 \u1ed0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gia c\u00f4ng n\u00f3ng ho\u1eb7c ngu\u1ed9i sao cho t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac r\u00e8n \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. \u1ed0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o ngu\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7 s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

7. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc
\n<\/span><\/strong>7.1 V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong B\u1ea3ng 1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh.
\n7.2 C\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5m thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch theo th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\"B68
B\u1ea3ng 1 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

8. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ee7<\/strong>
\n<\/span>8.1 \u1ed0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p \u1edf m\u1ed9t trong hai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ee7 nh\u01b0 sau:
\n<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n (O)
\nO50
\nO60 <\/span><\/td>\n		K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n
\n(T\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n nh\u1eb9)
\n(T\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n m\u1ec1m)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

8.1.1 C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i B601.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

9. K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t
\n<\/span><\/strong>9.1 \u1ed0ng \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00f4i nh\u1eb9 O50 v\u00e0 t\u00f4i m\u1ec1m O60 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00eau trong B\u1ea3ng 2.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"B68
B\u1ea3ng 2 Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t trung b\u00ecnh<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

10. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc
\n<\/span><\/strong>10.1 <\/span>\u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o<\/span>:
\n10.1.1 \u1ed0ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 30 ksi khi th\u1eed theo Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed E 8.
\n10.2 <\/span>\u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n d\u00e0i<\/span>:
\n10.2.1 \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n d\u00e0i khi k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 40 % (chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111o l\u00e0 2 inch) khi th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m theo Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed E 8.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

11. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng<\/strong>
\n<\/span>11.1 <\/span>Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/span>:
\n11.1.1 Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nh\u01b0 sau khi th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m theo Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed B 153.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i, inch
\n<\/span>3<\/span>\u2044<\/span>4 <\/span>v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi
\ntr\u00ean <\/span>3<\/span>\u2044<\/span>4 <\/span><\/td>\n		Gi\u00e3n n\u1edf, %
\n40
\n30<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

11.1.1.1 \u1ed0ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t ho\u1eb7c v\u1ee1 n\u00e0o khi quan s\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ecb l\u1ef1c.
\n11.1.2 Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m d\u1eb9t l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n thay th\u1ebf t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn cho th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e3n n\u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 4 inch.
\n11.2 <\/span>Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m d\u1eb9t<\/span>:
\n11.2.1 Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng, \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00e9p d\u1eb9t theo \u0111\u00fang quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i<\/span> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u 21.2.6.1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t hay khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u00e0o nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eb9t.<\/span><\/p>\n

12. Ki\u1ec3m tra vi m\u00f4<\/strong>
\n<\/span>12.1 M\u1eabu \u0111\u1ed3ng UNS s\u1ed1 C10200, C10300 v\u00e0 C12000 ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a oxit \u0111\u1ed3ng(I) theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng Quy tr\u00ecnh A trong Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m B 577. Khi cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed3ng UNS s\u1ed1 C10800 ho\u1eb7c C12200 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tranh ch\u1ea5p, ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i theo Quy tr\u00ecnh C trong Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m B 577.<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

13. Gi\u00f2n h\u00f3a do hydro
\n<\/span><\/strong>13.1 M\u1eabu \u0111\u1ed3ng UNS s\u1ed1 C10200, C12000 v\u00e0 C12200 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00f2n h\u00f3a theo Quy tr\u00ecnh B trong Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m B 577. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c theo \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y tr\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau r\u00f5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tranh ch\u1ea5p, ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i theo Quy tr\u00ecnh C trong Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m B 577.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

14. Ki\u1ec3m tra phi ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y<\/strong>
\n<\/span>14.1 Theo th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u00ean mua, m\u1ed7i \u1ed1ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i t\u1ed1i \u0111a 3<\/span>1<\/span>\u2044<\/span>8 <\/span>mm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb (d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n xo\u00e1y). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y, \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i k\u00e9o ngu\u1ed9i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4i m\u1ec1m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi cu\u1ed9n ho\u1eb7c \u1edf d\u1ea1ng thanh th\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00f4i m\u1ec1m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.
\n14.2 <\/span>Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb (d\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y)<\/span>:
\n14.2.1 Khi ki\u1ec3m tra theo Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh E 243, c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

15. \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng mua cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3<\/strong>
\n<\/span>15.1 Khi h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng n\u00eau r\u00f5 vi\u1ec7c mua h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 cho m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan thu\u1ed9c Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ee7a Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n B 251.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

16. K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sai l\u1ec7ch cho ph\u00e9p<\/strong>
\n<\/span>16.1 C\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 dung sai \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n li\u00ean quan sau \u0111\u00e2y trong Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n B 251:
\n16.1.1 <\/span>\u0110\u1ed9 sai l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng<\/span>\u2014B\u1ea3ng 1.
\n16.1.2 <\/span>Dung sai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh<\/span>\u2014B\u1ea3ng 3.
\n16.1.3 <\/span>Dung sai chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i<\/span>\u2014B\u1ea3ng 5 v\u00e0 B\u1ea3ng 6.
\n16.1.4 <\/span>\u0110\u1ed9 vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft<\/span>\u2014Tham kh\u1ea3o m\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ed9 vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft.
\n16.2 <\/span>Cu\u1ed9n \u1ed1ng, dung sai chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i<\/span>\u2014Tham kh\u1ea3o B\u1ea3ng 2, B\u1ea3ng 3, B\u1ea3ng 4 v\u00e0 B\u1ea3ng 5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

17. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gia c\u00f4ng, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i quan<\/strong>
\n<\/span>17.1 <\/span>Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gia c\u00f4ng<\/span>:
\n17.1.1 \u1ed0ng cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea1ch, kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n, v\u1ea3y oxit v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00e1c; tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn th\u00ec v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn.
\n17.1.2 \u1ed0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7 s\u00e1ng sau c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u00e9o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c, khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, sau khi cu\u1ed9n.
\n17.2 <\/span>L\u1edbp ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i quan<\/span>:
\n17.2.1 B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ngo\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7 s\u00e1ng.
\n<\/span>
\n18. L\u1ea5y m\u1eabu<\/strong>
\n<\/span>18.1 Quy m\u00f4 l\u00f4, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 sau:
\n18.1.1 <\/span>K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00f4<\/span>\u2014K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00f4 l\u00e0 10 000 lb ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u00f4 \u0111\u00f3.
\n18.1.2 <\/span>K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea7n<\/span>\u2014C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn sao cho \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho l\u00f4 theo l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh sau:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n
S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trong l\u00f4
\n1 \u0111\u1ebfn 50
\n51 \u0111\u1ebfn 200
\n201 \u0111\u1ebfn 1500
\nTr\u00ean 1500
\n<\/span><\/td>\n		S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eabu c\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y
\n1
\n2
\n3
\n0,2 % t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trong l\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 10 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m
\n<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n


\n<\/span>18.1.2.1 \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng cung c\u1ea5p \u1edf d\u1ea1ng cu\u1ed9n, m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft t\u1eeb m\u1ed7i cu\u1ed9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o l\u00f4 giao h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 sai l\u1ec7ch cho ph\u00e9p v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb.
\n18.2 <\/span>Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/span>:
\n<\/span>18.2.1 M\u1eabu t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1eabu v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf b\u1ecb theo Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p E 255. Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 150 g.
\n18.2.2 Nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu: t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u00f3t ph\u00f4i ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u00e1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m. Khi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu t\u1eeb s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c.
\n18.2.3 Khi l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u00f3t ph\u00f4i, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t hai m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y: m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu sau khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u r\u00f3t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu g\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00f3t, cho m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m ph\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f3t \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y.
\n18.2.4 Khi l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu t\u1eeb s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u00e1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m, m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed7i 10.000 lb (kho\u1ea3ng 4.536 kg) ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i chi ti\u1ebft.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

19. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1i<\/strong>
\n<\/span>19.1 <\/span>C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p th\u1eed<\/span>:
\n19.1.1 <\/span>Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/span>\u2014Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb \u00edt nh\u1ea5t hai l\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh.
\n19.1.2 <\/span>\u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o, \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n d\u00e0i v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t<\/span>\u2014Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u1eabu th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i m\u1eabu th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3.
\n19.1.3 <\/span>C\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c<\/span>\u2014\u00cdt nh\u1ea5t hai m\u1eabu th\u1eed ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho m\u1ed7i ph\u00e9p th\u1eed c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m.
\n19.2 <\/span>Ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i<\/span>:
\n19.2.1 Khi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m do ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1i.
\n19.2.2 Vi\u1ec7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y d\u00e0nh cho th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ban \u0111\u1ea7u, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eabu th\u1eed ph\u1ea3i g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eabu th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cho th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3.
\n19.2.3 K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u(s) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y trong l\u1ea7n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1i; vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u00f4 h\u00e0ng.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

20. Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1eabu th\u1eed<\/strong>
\n<\/span>20.1 <\/span>Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/span>:
\n20.1.1 Vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1eabu ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m b\u00e1o c\u00e1o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.
\n20.2 <\/span>K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t, ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi v\u00e0 gi\u00f2n do hydro<\/span>:
\n20.2.1 M\u1eabu th\u1eed ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb theo H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn E 3.
\n20.2.1.1 B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3i g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n d\u1ecdc b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng.
\n20.3 <\/span>Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m k\u00e9o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n d\u00e0i<\/span>:
\n20.3.1 M\u1eabu th\u1eed ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00eau trong m\u1ee5c \u2019M\u1eabu th\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn\u2019 thu\u1ed9c Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed E 8, tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 dung t\u00edch m\u00e1y th\u1eed kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1eabu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.
\n20.3.2 Khi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1eabu ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9, m\u1eabu th\u1eed ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi M\u1eabu s\u1ed1 1 trong H\u00ecnh 13 c\u1ee7a Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed E 8 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
\n20.4 <\/span>Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng (b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ed1t)<\/span>:
\n20.4.1 M\u1eabu th\u1eed ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb theo Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed B 153.
\n20.5 <\/span>Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m d\u1eb9t<\/span>:
\n20.5.1 M\u1eabu th\u1eed d\u00e0i 4 inch ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a hai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ed1ng. Kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

21. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m<\/strong>
\n<\/span>21.1 <\/span>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/span>:
\n21.1.1 Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 tranh ch\u1ea5p, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 sau:
\n<\/span>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1
\n\u0110\u1ed3ng E 53
\nPhotpho E 62
\n<\/span>21.1.2 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u theo h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i do nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn.
\n21.2 C\u00e1c \u1ed1ng cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m tra theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p sau \u0111\u00e2y:
\n<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m <\/span><\/td>\nPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t <\/span><\/td>\nE 112<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
K\u00e9o <\/span><\/td>\nE 8<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n d\u00e0i
\nM\u1edf r\u1ed9ng (th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ed1t)<\/span><\/td>\n		E 8
\nB 153<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi <\/span><\/td>\nB 577<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Quy tr\u00ecnh A<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gi\u00f2n do hydro <\/span><\/td>\nB 577<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Quy tr\u00ecnh B<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m d\u1eb9t <\/span><\/td>\n\u0110i\u1ec1u 21.2.6<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb (d\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y)<\/span><\/td>\nE 243<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

21.2.1 <\/span>K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t<\/span>\u2014Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tranh ch\u1ea5p, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p giao c\u1eaft.
\n21.2.2 <\/span>\u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o<\/span>\u2014Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tranh ch\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed E 8.
\n21.2.3 <\/span>Ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/span>:
\n21.2.3.1 Ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng Quy tr\u00ecnh A; tuy nhi\u00ean, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tranh ch\u1ea5p, ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng Quy tr\u00ecnh C c\u1ee7a Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed B 577.
\n21.2.4 <\/span>Gi\u00f2n do hydro<\/span>:
\n21.2.4.1 Ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng Quy tr\u00ecnh B; tuy nhi\u00ean, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tranh ch\u1ea5p, ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng Quy tr\u00ecnh C c\u1ee7a Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed B 577.
\n21.2.5 <\/span>Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb (d\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y)<\/span>\u2014M\u1ed7i \u1ed1ng c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m 3″<\/span>1<\/span>\u2044<\/span>8 <\/span>mm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n xo\u00e1y. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo quy tr\u00ecnh trong Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh E 243. C\u00e1c \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a qua thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m tra d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n xo\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn.
\n21.2.5.1 C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u r\u00e3nh ho\u1eb7c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u1ed7 khoan.
\n(<\/span>a<\/span>) Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u r\u00e3nh kh\u00eda, l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t 0,001 inch, ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng 22 % chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng. Dung sai \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u r\u00e3nh kh\u00eda
\nl\u00e0 <\/span>6<\/span>0.0005 in.
\n<\/span>(<\/span>b<\/span>) C\u00e1c l\u1ed7 khoan ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khoan theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e1n k\u00ednh xuy\u00ean qua th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 g\u00e1 khoan ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 l\u00f3t b\u1ea1c d\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u0169i khoan; c\u1ea7n th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng \u1ed1ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khoan. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1ed7 khoan ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sai l\u1ec7ch qu\u00e1 +0,001 inch, -0,000 inch so v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1ed7 khoan \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i (OD) c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng, inch
\n<\/span><\/td>\n		\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1ed7 khoan, t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng inch
\n<\/span><\/td>\n		S\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u m\u0169i khoan
\n<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/span>\u2044<\/span>4 <\/span>\u0111\u1ebfn <\/span>3<\/span>\u2044<\/span>4<\/span>, bao g\u1ed3m<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a00.025<\/span><\/td>\n72<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tr\u00ean <\/span>3<\/span>\u2044<\/span>4 <\/span>\u0111\u1ebfn 1, bao g\u1ed3m<\/span><\/td>\n 0.031\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n68<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tr\u00ean 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 1<\/span>1<\/span>\u2044<\/span>4<\/span>, bao g\u1ed3m
\n<\/span><\/td>\n		 0.036<\/span><\/td>\n 64<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tr\u00ean 1<\/span>1<\/span>\u2044<\/span>4 <\/span>\u0111\u1ebfn 1<\/span>1<\/span>\u2044<\/span>2<\/span>, bao g\u1ed3m\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n0.042\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n58<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tr\u00ean 1<\/span>1<\/span>\u2044<\/span>2 <\/span>\u0111\u1ebfn 1<\/span>3<\/span>\u2044<\/span>4<\/span>, bao g\u1ed3m<\/span><\/td>\n 0.046\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n56<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tr\u00ean 1<\/span>3<\/span>\u2044<\/span>4 <\/span>\u0111\u1ebfn 2, bao g\u1ed3m
\n<\/span><\/td>\n		0.052\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n55<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

21.2.5.2 Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m tra d\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea1y v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i sau \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ed1ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, inch <\/span><\/td>\nT\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m t\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng
\n0,2
\n0,3
\n0,4<\/span><\/td>\n		L\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn <\/span>3<\/span>\u2044<\/span>8<\/span>, bao g\u1ed3m
\n<\/span>1<\/span>\u2044<\/span>2 <\/span>\u0111\u1ebfn 2, bao g\u1ed3m
\nTr\u00ean 2 \u0111\u1ebfn 3, bao g\u1ed3m <\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

21.2.5.3 C\u00e1c \u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y ki\u1ec3m tra d\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c \u1ed1ng c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1i nh\u1eb1m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt<\/span>l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. C\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc nh\u1eb9, \u0111\u1ea5t b\u00e1m ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u1ed1ng, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ed1ng v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng v\u1eabn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn.
\n21.2.6 <\/span>Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m d\u1eb9t<\/span>:
\n21.2.6.1 M\u1eabu th\u1eed ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e9p d\u1eb9t t\u1eeb t\u1eeb b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y \u00e9p sao cho th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n ba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do qua ph\u1ea7n \u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u00e9p d\u1eb9t.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

22. T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a<\/strong>
\n<\/span>22.1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4i s\u00e1ng; \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; \u1ed1ng li\u1ec1n kh\u1ed1i; \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span><\/p>\n